Direct Detection of Feline Coronavirus by Three Rapid Antigen Immunochromatographic Tests and by Real-Time PCR in Cat Shelters
The aim of this study was the direct detection of feline coronavirus by real-time PCR and by three different rapid immunochromatographic (RIM) tests detecting antigens in faecal samples of shelter cats. Based on sensitivity and specificity calculated for each of the RIM tests, the utility of RIM tests was compared. Seventy faecal samples originating from shelter cats housed in quarantine were examined. Out of 70 samples analyzed by real-time PCR, 44 (62.9%) were positive. Significantly more cats (p < 0.05) tested positive than negative. Neither age nor sex of the cats played a significant role (p > 0.05) in the shedding status of the virus.
The sensitivity of the RIM tests was found to be at low (<35%; RIM tests A and C) to satisfactory level (>50%, RIM test B). The number of virus particles determined by real-time RT-PCR analysis did not significantly correlate with the results detected by any of the RIM tests (p > 0.05). The results of this study indicate sienna-clarity covid-19 antigen rapid test cassette that the use of rapid antigen RIM tests in routine screening of FCoV shedding status in shelter cats is limited due to the occurrence of a high number of false negative results.
Impaired detection of omicron by SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests
Since autumn 2020, rapid antigen tests (RATs) have been implemented in several countries as an important pillar of the national testing strategy to rapidly screen for infections on site during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The current surge in infection rates around the globe is driven by the variant of concern (VoC) omicron (B.1.1.529).
- Here, we evaluated the performance of nine SARS-CoV-2 RATs in a single-centre laboratory study. We examined a total of 115 SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative and 166 SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive respiratory swab samples (101 omicron, 65 delta (B.1.617.2)) collected from October 2021 until January 2022 as well as cell culture-expanded clinical isolates of both VoCs.
- In an assessment of the analytical sensitivity in clinical specimen, the 50% limit of detection (LoD50) ranged from 1.77 × 106 to 7.03 × 107 RNA copies subjected to the RAT for omicron compared to 1.32 × 105 to 2.05 × 106 for delta.
- To score positive in these point-of-care tests, up to 10-fold (LoD50) or 101-fold (LoD95) higher virus loads were required for omicron- compared to delta-containing samples.
- The rates of true positive test results for omicron samples in the highest virus load category (Ct values < 25) ranged between 31.4 and 77.8%, while they dropped to 0-8.3% for samples with intermediate Ct values (25-30).
- Of note, testing of expanded virus stocks suggested a comparable RAT sensitivity of both VoCs, questioning the predictive value of this type of in vitro-studies for clinical performance.
- Given their importance for national test strategies in the current omicron wave, awareness must be increased for the reduced detection rate of omicron infections by RATs and a short list of suitable RATs that fulfill the minimal requirements of performance should be rapidly disclosed.
Prevalence of Pfhrp2/3 gene deletions among false negative rapid antigen test results in central India
The diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria is widely dependent on the P. falciparum histidine rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) antigens based rapid diagnostic tests. There are few possible factors like Pfhrp2 polymorphism, Pfhrp2 deletion and density of malaria parasite which can affect the sensitivity of the Pf-HRP2-based RDT. The primary objective of the investigation was to check whether the Pfhrp2 gene deletion is the primary cause of RDT false negative cases.
Febrile patients from three districts of Chhattisgarh, India were screened for malaria during 2016-2017 by microscopy and RDT. All microscopy P. falciparum positive samples were validated by PCR. Microscopy positive and RDT negative samples were analyzed for the presence of Exon 2, across Exon 1-2, upstream and downstream of both the Pfhrp2 and Pfhrp3 genes fragment by PCR.
Out of 203 screened samples, 85 were detected positive for P. falciparum malaria based on microscopy and PCR. Among these 85 P. falciparum positive samples, 4 samples were observed Pf-HRP2 RDT negative. Although, it signified that the RDTs used were reliable with sensitivity of 95.3% (81/85). 3/4 PfHRP2-RDT negative samples of the P. falciparum isolates exhibited complete deletion of Pfhrp2 and Pfhrp3 genes and one sample was found RDT false negative due to high parasite density.
Pfhrp2 and Pfhrp3 deletions that result in false negative RDTs were uncommon in our setting. The continued monitoring of RDTS which results in false negative tests due to Pfhrp2/3 gene deletion is the need of the hour for an effective malaria elimination strategy.
Bean Extract-Based Gargle for Efficient Diagnosis of Active COVID-19 Infection Using Rapid Antigen Tests
- The antigen-based rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) using saliva specimens is fast, noninvasive, and suitable for SARS-CoV-2 self-testing, unlike nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) testing.
- We evaluated a novel Beanguard gargle (BG)-based virus collection method that can be applied to Ag-RDT as an alternative to the current RT-PCR with an NPS for early diagnosis of COVID-19.
- This clinical trial comprised 102 COVID-19-positive patients hospitalized after a governmental screening process and 100 healthy individuals. Paired NPS and BG-based saliva specimens from COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals were analyzed using NPS-RT-PCR, BG-RT-PCR, and BG-Ag-RDTs, whose diagnostic performance for detecting SARS-CoV-2 was compared.
- BG-Ag-RDTs showed high sensitivity (97.8%) and specificity (100%) in 45 patients within 6 days of illness and detected all cases of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Delta variants.
- In 11 asymptomatic active COVID-19 cases, both BG-Ag-RDTs and BG-RT-PCR showed sensitivities and specificities of 100%. Sensitivities of BG-Ag-RDT and BG-RT-PCR toward salivary viral detection were highly concordant, with no discrimination between symptomatic (97.0%), asymptomatic (100%), or SARS-CoV-2 variant (100%) cases.
- The intermolecular interactions between SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and truncated canavalin, an active ingredient from the bean extract (BE), were observed in terms of physicochemical properties.
- The detachment of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain from hACE2 increased as the BE concentration increased, allowing the release of the virus from hACE2 for early diagnosis.
- Using BG-based saliva specimens remarkably enhances the Ag-RDT diagnostic performance as an alternative to NPS and enables noninvasive, rapid, and accurate COVID-19 self-testing and mass screening, supporting efficient COVID-19 management.
An Ag-RDT is less likely to be accepted as an initial test method for early diagnosis owing to its low sensitivity. However, our self-collection method, Ag-RDT using BG-based saliva specimens, showed significantly enhanced detection sensitivity and specificity toward SARS-CoV-2 including the Alpha and Delta variants in all patients tested within 6 days of illness. The method represents an attractive alternative to nasopharyngeal swabs for the early diagnosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 cases. The evidence suggests that the method could have a potential for mass screening and monitoring of COVID-19 cases.
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population by three prevailing rapid antigen tests: cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study
Rapid antigen diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) are the most widely used point-of-care tests for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since the accuracy may have altered by changes in SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology, indications for testing, sampling and testing procedures, and roll-out of COVID-19 vaccination, we evaluated the performance of three prevailing SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs.
In this cross-sectional study, we consecutively enrolled individuals aged >16 years presenting for SARS-CoV-2 testing at three Dutch public health service COVID-19 test sites. In the first phase, participants underwent either BD-Veritor System (Becton Dickinson), PanBio (Abbott), or SD-Biosensor (Roche Diagnostics) testing with routine sampling procedures. In a subsequent phase, participants underwent SD-Biosensor testing with a less invasive sampling method (combined oropharyngeal-nasal [OP-N] swab). Diagnostic accuracies were assessed against molecular testing.
Six thousand nine hundred fifty-five of 7005 participants (99%) with results from both an Ag-RDT and a molecular reference test were analysed. SARS-CoV-2 prevalence and overall sensitivities were 13% (188/1441) and 69% (129/188, 95% CI 62-75) for BD-Veritor, 8% (173/2056) and 69% (119/173, 61-76) for PanBio, and 12% (215/1769) and 74% (160/215, 68-80) for SD-Biosensor with routine sampling and 10% (164/1689) and 75% (123/164, 68-81) for SD-Biosensor with OP-N sampling. In those symptomatic or asymptomatic at sampling, sensitivities were 72-83% and 54-56%, respectively.
Above a viral load cut-off (≥5.2 log10 SARS-CoV-2 E-gene copies/mL), sensitivities were 86% (125/146, 79-91) for BD-Veritor, 89% (108/121, 82-94) for PanBio, and 88% (160/182, 82-92) for SD-Biosensor with routine sampling and 84% (118/141, 77-89) with OP-N sampling. Specificities were >99% for all tests in most analyses. Sixty-one per cent of false-negative Ag-RDT participants returned for testing within 14 days (median: 3 days, interquartile range 3) of whom 90% tested positive.
Accu-Tell COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test |
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GEN-B352-20tests | Accu test | 20 tests | 283.2 EUR |
Accu-Tell COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test |
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GEN-B352-40tests | Accu test | 40 tests | 385.2 EUR |
COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Kit |
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UNCOV-20 | UnScience | 20T/kit | 186 EUR |
Panbio™ COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test |
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ICO-T402 | Abbott | 25 Tests/Kit | 264 EUR |
Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device |
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41FK10 | Abbott | 25 Tests/Kit | 115.2 EUR |
Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device (Nasal) |
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41FK11 | Abbott | 25 Tests/Kit | 128 EUR |
SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Test Kit |
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CoV2Ag-1 | UnScience | 1T | 9.6 EUR |
SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Test Kit |
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CoV2Ag-25 | UnScience | 25T/kit | 42 EUR |
NOVATest Antigen Rapid Test Kit (For Single Use) (NOVA Test) |
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nCov-500-01 | Atlas Link Technology | 1T | 162 EUR |
NOVATest Antigen Rapid Kit (NOVA Test) |
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nCov-500 | Atlas Link Technology | 20 Tests | 162 EUR |
SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test Nasal |
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9901-NCOV-03G | Roche Diagnostics | 25 Tests/Kit | 112.8 EUR |
Human Streptococcus Pneumoniae (SP) Antigen Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092096-20tests | Abbexa | 20 tests | 477.6 EUR |
Avian Influenza Virus Antigen Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092015-40tests | Abbexa | 40 tests | 518.4 EUR |
Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) Antigen Rapid Test Device (Saliva) |
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IOV87952 | INVBIO | 20T/kit | 46.8 EUR |
Newcastle Disease Virus Antigen Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092016-40tests | Abbexa | 40 tests | 518.4 EUR |
Human Chlamydia Trachomatis Antigen Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092049-20tests | Abbexa | 20 tests | 276 EUR |
Avian Influenza H5 Virus Antigen Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092014-40tests | Abbexa | 40 tests | 585.6 EUR |
Avian Influenza H7 Virus Antigen Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092017-40tests | Abbexa | 40 tests | 518.4 EUR |
COVID-19 Nucleocapsid recombinant antigen |
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00221-V-100ugvial | Virogen | 100 ug/vial | 150 EUR |
Falcon 5mL Round Bottom High Clarity PP Test Tube with Snap Cap Sterile |
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352063 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK500 | 123.6 EUR |
TruStrip RDT Anthrax Protective antigen 83 (PA83) Rapid Test cards, 25/pk |
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800-100-RDT-25 | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 pk | 489.6 EUR |
2019-nCoV IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassette (Whole Blood/Serum/Plasma) |
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GEN-402-25tests | All test | 25 tests | 292.8 EUR |
TruStrip RDT Zaire Ebola Virus antigen (GP) rapid test (visual results in 2-10 mins), 10 cassettes/pk |
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AE-320805-RDT-10 | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 pk | 343.2 EUR |
COVID-19 Nucleocapsid recombinant antigen C-terminal domain |
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00227-V-100ugvial | Virogen | 100 ug/vial | 150 EUR |
Melamine Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092011-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 444 EUR |
Brucella Antibody Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092069-40tests | Abbexa | 40 tests | 427.2 EUR |
COVID-19 Spike-E-M Immunodominant regions recombinant antigen |
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00220-V-100ugvial | Virogen | 100 ug/vial | 150 EUR |
TruStrip RDT Canine distemper virus (hardpad disease) antigen rapid test card, results is 2-10 mins, 50 cards/pk |
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RV-501200-RDT | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 pk | Ask for price |
NOVATest IgG/IgM Antibody Rapid Test Kit (NOVA Test) |
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UNCOV-40 | Atlas Link Technology | 40 Tests | 115 EUR |
Melamine (MEL) Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092057-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 444 EUR |
Quinolones (QNs) Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092065-40tests | Abbexa | 40 tests | 477.6 EUR |
Salbutamol (SAL) Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092060-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 292.8 EUR |
Quinolones (QNs) Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092067-40tests | Abbexa | 40 tests | 477.6 EUR |
Clenbuterol (CLE) Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092058-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 292.8 EUR |
Ractopamine (RAC) Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092059-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 292.8 EUR |
Tetracycline (TCs) Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092063-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 477.6 EUR |
Sulfonamides (Sas) Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092064-40tests | Abbexa | 40 tests | 477.6 EUR |
Cow Brucella Antibody Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092071-40tests | Abbexa | 40 tests | 427.2 EUR |
Goat Brucella Antibody Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092070-40tests | Abbexa | 40 tests | 427.2 EUR |
Ciprofloxacin (CPFX) Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092066-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 477.6 EUR |
Pig Parvovirus Antibody Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092074-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 385.2 EUR |
Procalcitonin rapid test (Colloidal Gold) |
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abx095264-80Units | Abbexa | 80 Units | 1144.8 EUR |
1.2ML 96 WELL DEEP WELL PLATE HIGH CLARITY |
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P-DW-12-HC | CORNING | 5/pk | 182.4 EUR |
Chlamydia Rapid Test Device (Swab/Urine) |
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173-8537306 | Abbott | 20 Tests/Kit | 300 EUR |
Aflatoxin Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092054-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 477.6 EUR |
Dynamiker Monkeypox Virus Ag Rapid Test |
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DNK-2114-1 | Dynamiker Biotechnology | 20 tests | 702 EUR |
Salbutamol Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092043-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 410.4 EUR |
Quinolones Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092046-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 644.4 EUR |
Clenbuterol Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092040-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 326.4 EUR |
Ractopamine Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092042-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 360 EUR |
Zearalenone Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092051-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 493.2 EUR |
Zearalenone Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092056-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 510 EUR |
Sulfonamides Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092047-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 661.2 EUR |
Tetracycline Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092048-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 560.4 EUR |
Fetal Fibronectin rapid test (Colloidal Gold) |
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abx095261-80Units | Abbexa | 80 Units | 1863.6 EUR |
Deoxynivalenol Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092052-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 560.4 EUR |
Deoxynivalenol Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092053-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 560.4 EUR |
Chloramphenicol Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092045-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 427.2 EUR |
Human Echovirus (ECHO) IgM Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092093-20tests | Abbexa | 20 tests | 326.4 EUR |
Human Toxoplasma (TOX) IgG Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092098-20tests | Abbexa | 20 tests | 260.4 EUR |
GENLISA™ Human SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) Spike Protein Antigen Quantitative ELISA |
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KBVH015-10 | Krishgen | 12 × 8 wells | 1642.5 EUR |
Cattle and Goat Hydatid Antibody Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092072-40tests | Abbexa | 40 tests | 427.2 EUR |
Aflatoxin B1 Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092055-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 477.6 EUR |
Aflatoxin B1 Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092050-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 444 EUR |
TruStrip RDT Testosterone Rapid Test cards, 10/pk |
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1880-RDT-10 | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 pk | Ask for price |
Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Antibody Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092075-40tests | Abbexa | 40 tests | 477.6 EUR |
Human Treponema Pallidum (TP) Antibody Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092101-20tests | Abbexa | 20 tests | 309.6 EUR |
Malachite Green Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092041-10tests | Abbexa | 10 tests | 360 EUR |
Rabies Virus Antibodies Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092033-40tests | Abbexa | 40 tests | 427.2 EUR |
Classical Swine Fever Virus Antibodies Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092020-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 385.2 EUR |
Human Rubella Virus (RV) IgG Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092097-20tests | Abbexa | 20 tests | 260.4 EUR |
Human Rabies Virus (HRV) IgG Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092100-20tests | Abbexa | 20 tests | 410.4 EUR |
Human Hantavirus (HV) IgM / IgG Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092094-20tests | Abbexa | 20 tests | 326.4 EUR |
Human Hepatitis A Virus IgG Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092012-25tests | Abbexa | 25 tests | 510 EUR |
Influenza Rapid Test Control Pack (3 X 1.5mL) |
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KZMC033 | Zeptometrix | 3 X 1.5mL | 59 EUR |
Rotavirus Rapid Test Control Pack (2 X 1.5mL) |
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KZMC036 | Zeptometrix | 2 X 1.5mL | 59 EUR |
Human Enterovirus 71 (EV71) IgM Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092091-20tests | Abbexa | 20 tests | 410.4 EUR |
Adenovirus Rapid Test Control Pack (2 X 1.5mL) |
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KZMC035 | Zeptometrix | 2 X 1.5mL | 59 EUR |
1.2ML 96 WELL DEEP WELL PLATE HIGH CLARITY PRE-STERILIZED |
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P-DW-12-HC-S | CORNING | 5/pk | 248.4 EUR |
Livingcare Group Covid-19 Day 2 Testing |
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COV3000 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 2763.36 EUR |
Phenylethanolamine A Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092044-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 560.4 EUR |
Canine Parvovirus Antibodies Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092032-40tests | Abbexa | 40 tests | 427.2 EUR |
Furaltadone Metabolite Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092035-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 644.4 EUR |
Pseudorabies Virus Antibodies Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092026-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 385.2 EUR |
Furazolidone Metabolite Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092036-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 644.4 EUR |
Nitrofurazone Metabolite Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal gold) |
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abx092038-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 644.4 EUR |
Human Helicobacter Pylori (HP) IgG Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092090-20tests | Abbexa | 20 tests | 276 EUR |
GENLISA™ SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test (sVNT) ELISA |
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KBVH400 | Krishgen | 12 × 8 wells | 3822 EUR |
Human Chlamydia Pneumoniae (CP) IgG Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092079-20tests | Abbexa | 20 tests | 309.6 EUR |
Human Chlamydia Pneumoniae (CP) IgM Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092080-20tests | Abbexa | 20 tests | 309.6 EUR |
Human Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antibody Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092013-25tests | Abbexa | 25 tests | 510 EUR |
Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Antibody Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092068-50tests | Abbexa | 50 tests | 427.2 EUR |
TruStrip RDT Rat IgG Rapid Test cards, 10/pk |
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6420-RDT-10 | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 Pk | 205.2 EUR |
TruStrip RDT Rat IgG Rapid Test cards, 25/pk |
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6420-RDT-25 | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 Pk | 351.6 EUR |
TruStrip RDT Pig IgG Rapid Test cards, 10/pk |
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9020-RDT-10 | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 Pk | 205.2 EUR |
TruStrip RDT Pig IgG Rapid Test cards, 25/pk |
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9020-RDT-25 | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 Pk | 351.6 EUR |
Human Mycoplasma Pneumoniae (MP) IgG Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092081-20tests | Abbexa | 20 tests | 309.6 EUR |
Human Mycoplasma Pneumoniae (MP) IgM Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092082-20tests | Abbexa | 20 tests | 309.6 EUR |
TruStrip RDT Goat IgG Rapid Test cards, 10/pk |
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7520-RDT-10 | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 Pk | 205.2 EUR |
TruStrip RDT Goat IgG Rapid Test cards, 25/pk |
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7520-RDT-25 | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 Pk | 351.6 EUR |
Overall sensitivities of three SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs were 69-75%, increasing to ≥86% above a viral load cut-off. The decreased sensitivity among asymptomatic participants and high positivity rate during follow-up in false-negative Ag-RDT participants emphasise the need for education of the public about the importance of re-testing after an initial negative Ag-RDT should symptoms develop. For SD-Biosensor, the diagnostic accuracy with OP-N and deep nasopharyngeal sampling was similar; adopting the more convenient sampling method might reduce the threshold for professional testing.